GATE Syllabus - Electronics and Communication Engineering
Networks
Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs -- incidence, fundamental cut set and fundamental circuit matrices.
Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton’s maximum power transfer,
Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient differential equations --
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time domain analysis simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using Laplace transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions. State equations for networks.
Electronic Devices
Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in silicon: diffusion current, drift current, mobility, resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers. p-n junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, p-I-n and avalanche photo diode, LASERs. Device technology: integrated circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implanation, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process.
Analog Circuits
Equivalent circuits (large and small-signal) of diodes, BJTs, JFETs, and MOSFETs. Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, recitifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential, operational, feedback and power. Analysis of amplifiers -- frequency response of amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators -- criterion for oscillation -- single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits. Power supplies.
Digital circuits
Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions -- logic gates digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinational circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers and decoders. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, DACs. Semiconductor memories. Microprocessor(8085): architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfacing.
Signals and Systems
Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier seris, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, z-transform. Sampling theorems. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and properties -- casuality, stability, impulse response, convoilution, poles and zeros frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission through LTI systems. Random signals and noise: probability, random variables, probability density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density.
Controls Systems
Basic control system components -- block diagrammatic description, reduction of block diagrams. Open loop and closed
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loop (feedback) systems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems -- transient and steady state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency response. Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis: root loci, Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Bode and Nyquist plots. Control system compensators: elements of lead and lag compensation, elements of Proporational-Integral-Derivative(PID) control. State variable representation and solution of state equation of LTI control systems.
Communications
Analog communication systems: amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne receivers -- elements of hardware, realizations of analog communication systems -- signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) for low noise conditions. Digital communication systems: pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), delta modulation (DM) -- digital modulation schemes-amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), matched filter receivers, bandwith consideration and probability of error calculations for these schemes.
Electromagnetics
Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl -- Gauss’ and Stokes’ theorems, Maxwell’s equations: differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through various media -- reflection and refraction -- phase and group velocity -- skin depth. Transmission lines: characteristic impedance -- impedance transformation -- Smith chart -- impedance matching -- pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes in rectangular waveguides -- boundary conditions -- cut-off frequencies -- dispersion relations. Antennas: Dipole antennas -- antenna arrays -- radiation pattern -- reciprocity theorem, antenna gain.
